This article is written by Sudhakar Singh. You will find that this article provides information about duties and responsibilities of probation officers, and it also shows how probationers can be rehabilitated and reintegrated in societies. This article also contains penological and criminological opinions on probation.

This article has been published by Shashwat Kaushik.

Introduction

Probation officers are not well known personalities of society but they are an integral part of the criminal justice system. They act as a bridge between the courts and probationers. Under the Indian legal system, various duties have been imposed on probation officers such as, supervision of offenders, enforcement of probation conditions imposed by the courts, maintaining the balance between the public safety and rehabilitation.

In addition to other duties, a probation officer often acts as a counsellor for the probationer, they also keep maintaining the record. To facilitate the court and decide the sentencing conditions of the probationer, the probation officers also prepare the pre-sentence report. Probation officers have a big role in the criminal justice system of almost every country.

To understand what probation officers do today, the remarkable history of probation and the cause of its existence needs to be explained.

Historical development of probation

Probation as a concept can be argued to have evolved from a very early age from the dominance of Greek and Romans philosophy. However the possibility of probation or at least the probation as known in modern society really emerged in the mid nineteenth century and is believed to be indebted to John Augustus, the shoemaker of Boston who is often referred to as the father of probation. It is said that Augustus was taken by his father to the police court in 1841 where he had a live view of juveniles in prison. Augustus opined that such juvenile offenders have to be corrected through counselling and not imprisonment.

By the early twentieth century, various countries, including the United States, introduced probation as a sufficient measure to reform the offenders. Probation of Offenders Act,1907  was passed in the United Kingdom and probation became a legitimate part of the criminal justice system. Probation officers and the courts were empowered to grant probation which helps to reduce the overcrowding in jails and also introduced an alternative to shorten the term of imprisonment.

Probation was also progressing as an elastic punitive measure that offered options for correction and a social shift during the twentieth century. The probation systems that have developed over the years and are linked with rehabilitation and education of juvenile offenders.

As we know that punishment is according to the offence of any person, if any person has committed a minor or less serious offence then we can punish such person with probation. For example, Shalini committed an offence of theft of value Rs.50, then the court may grant her probation and put her under supervision of probation officers because she had committed an offence of low value. 

At present, probation is not just acknowledged as a way of reigniting the prison overcrowding issue but as a way of correcting the offenders and eradicating the causes of the crimes.  Society has over the years come to realise that analytic and monitoring ways of handling offenders could be a more effective method of punishing the offenders. It gives another chance to offenders to change from their mischievous behaviour and also it guarantees security to the society. 

The article below aims to explain the concept of probation in detail.

Concept of probation

Probation originated in the ancient legal system but during the 19th century it got its modern recognition. The term ‘probation’ comes from the Latin word ‘probare’ which means ‘to test’ or ‘to prove’. This is a kind of punishment where the offender is not sent to the prison, but he is set free on the basis that the offender should report to a probation officer. It shows a change in attitude of societies towards punishment, the crime management, and change in the behaviour of offenders. The concept of probation is inspired from the principle of reformative punishment. 

A probation officer is an officer appointed by the court to look after the probationer for a specific time period. Generally, the persons put under probation are minor offenders and persons arrested in minor offences. The majority of the offenders on probation are first time offenders.

In our daily lives, we might find many people who are subject to probation. These probationers generally live in our neighbourhoods, doing community service or working in social programs or working in educational programs. The objective behind this kind of punishment is to make a person responsible and regain contact with society and prevent reoffending by his family and community support. Once an individual is placed on probation, a regular drug test is also required to ascertain the requirement of treatment to the probationer.

The probationers are expected to fulfil certain requirements in order to maintain their status of being on probation. We will discuss the same in brief in the next subheading.

Expectations from probationers

Probationers are individuals who are under trial period. During the probationary period the performance, conduct, discipline, behaviour of probationers are evaluated. Let us understand the expectations from probationers in brief;

• Comply with the conditions of probation set by the court, such as community service or stay in a specific geographical area.
• To have a regular meeting with a probation officer.
• Interact with the general public and live a crime free life.
• To attend the counselling sessions and every other educational program.
• Undergoing a regular drug and alcohol test is mandatory for every probationer.

To understand the concept of probation in detail, it is important to understand the reason and grounds for granting the probation.

Ground of probation

Probation is a court order which allows the offender to avoid prison subject to certain conditions such as good behaviour, attend counselling sessions, regular drug tests etc. probation is usually granted after considering certain ground, such as:

• Nature of offence: Generally, probation is granted for minor crimes or to first time offenders. If the crime committed by the offender is not severe or violent in nature then the court may grant probation. Usually, probation is granted to the offenders of misdemeanour, theft or fraud etc.
• Offender’s background: If we look into the history of probation we might be able to see that the courts use the criminal history, age, mental condition, and family background of offenders before they allow probation. Of course, if the offender has a prior criminal record, then such offenders may not be allowed probation.
• Potential for rehabilitation: The willingness and readiness of an offender to follow the condition of probation is the most crucial thing while considering the grounds of probation. If the probationer is willing to accept the probation then probation works best.
• Social interest: While granting probation, courts usually consider the society’s interest and ensure whether the offender poses any threat to the victim and community. The court may decide whether the offender put in any value in the society being a member of society.

Let us consider probation in light of what has been said above and discuss the duties of probation officers in more detail which is explained further below.

Duties of probation officer

According to Section 14 of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, various duties have been imposed upon probation officers. This Act mainly emphasises reformative justice and provides probation as an alternative to imprisonment. This Act is more inclined toward the minor crime offenders and provides the discretionary power to the court to release the offenders on probation. 

The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, succeeded the Probation of Offenders Act,1907 [hereinafter referred as 1907 Act]. There is a huge significance of the Act of 1958, which is discussed in detail under this article. To know more, you may visit here. The scope of 1907 Act was narrower and it did not mention the duties of probation officer. The Probation of Offenders Act,1958, extended the meaning and concept of probation and is compatible with the idea of reformative justice. To know more about this Act, click here. 

The duties of probation officer are mainly:

• Investigating the circumstances and domestic environment of offenders;
• Supervising and monitoring of probationers;
• Counselling and providing support to the probationers;
• Advising and assisting the probationers;
• Assessing performance of other duties as imposed by court or any other law.

To understand each point clearly, let us dive deep into each point particularly.

Duty of supervision

It is noted that supervision of offenders is essential to achieve the goal of compliance with probation conditions imposed on the offenders. Based on Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 specifically in sections: Section 14(b) and Section 18, probation officers are assigned to monitor the probationer.

One important aspect of supervision is to schedule a meeting with the offenders frequently. During these meetings, probation officers assess the probationer and compliance with the terms and conditions of probation. These meetings also help probationers to deal with issues they are facing in day to day life which allows officers to aid and advise the probationer.

For supervision, probation officers may visit probationers home or their workplace to verify that the probationer is living and working in such an environment and conditions which facilitate their rehabilitation. If a probation officer feels that the probationer is now of sufficient age and maturity that does not need further supervision, then he can write a request for bond release from probation in consultation with the district probation officer.

Duty of counselling

An individual serves an essential counselling duty in the reformation and the re-socialization processes of the offenders. Probationers get an opportunity to counsel in order to deal with matters of personal nature that led to criminal acts. In order to offer good counselling to the probationers, different exercises are required by probation officers. Some of them are:

• In this way probation officers act more like a counsellor, they help the probationers come out of the personal and social issues. Thus, many offenders admit that they experience problems in achieving desired results in managing addictions, mental disorders or any family matters etc. Besides giving advice, probation officers also provide probationers with information and refer them to the right agency.
• Probation officers engage in an assessment of probationer’s personal necessities including psychological and emotional issues. On such evaluation, probation officers provide a tailored plan as per probationer’s needs.
• While counselling, a probation officer may refer probationers to other specialised programs such as drug rehabilitation centres, anger management courses, therapy sessions with psychologists, marriage therapy programs, etc.

Enforcement of conditions

If a court suspends a prison term and puts the offender on probation, the court sets certain conditions the offender has to meet. These conditions mainly include that:

• Offender must visit probation officer time to time;
• Offender must not commit another offence;
• Offender must avoid places and people associated with criminal activity;
• Offender must go through regular alcohol checkup and drug test;
• Offender must secure an employment; and
• Offenders must perform community services, etc.

Therefore, it is the duty of the probation officer to ensure that the offender complies with these conditions.

These conditions are useful in order to oversee the work of the offender. For this purpose probation officers can go to the probationer physically or by phone and they can demand a probationer to take a drug or alcohol test. Through the enforcement of these conditions, probation officers determine any improvements in the probationer. They also work closely with other organisations and service deliverers while making sure that probationers attend  probation classes, for example; substance abuse classes or counselling classes.

If a probationer violates any conditions attached with probation, whether it is drug evaluations test, or absence in a regular meeting with probation officer, or engaged in new criminal activity, or absence in the counselling session, the probation officer is required to act accordingly. Action taken by probation officer may include;

• The officer warning the probationer; 
• Increasing the conditions of probation; or
• Recommendation of the officer to the court to imprison the probationer for the violation of probation conditions.

Reporting the record

Probation officers are also supposed to keep records of the probationer’s activities, achievements and any case of violation of probation provisions. These records serve as the foundation for the officer in analysing improvement in the offenders.

Records are made to inform the court regarding the progress of the offender. These reports contain:

• Information about the conduct;
• Interaction of the offender with other people;
• Adherence to the conditions set in probation; and
• Attendance and involvement in any recommended programs and issues encountered.

These reports are important for various reason, such as:

• It provides an opportunity so that the probationer can defend himself;
• According to this report, the court makes a plan on how to handle such cases in future;
• It brings more transparency in the process of probation.

Collaboration with other agencies

Probation officers cannot work in isolation as probationers are presented with a number of challenges mainly, socio-economic challenges, substance abuse, mental illness, unemployment, homelessness and more. Probation officers have to cooperate with different agencies in order to ensure that necessary interventions and services for rehabilitation are well-coordinated. 

Some of the major collaboration of probation officer with other agency are mentioned below:

Criminal justice collaboration

Almost all probation officers work with the police, jails, prisons and judiciary as they supervise and oversee offenders on probation. This means that communication between different entities of the criminal justice system is well coordinated. If probationers violated any condition of probation then the officer must inform the court and he can effectively cooperate with police personnel to ensure the non violation of conditions. Active participation of the police system is required to increase effectiveness of probation conditions.

Social services and rehabilitation

Social services agencies play an important role in reintegration of offenders in society. These agencies make the relationship of offenders stronger with other necessary resources of the community. For instance, securing jobs, mental counselling, etc. Probation officers often refer probationers to the specialists in these fields so that the root causes of criminal behaviour can be addressed.

Educational and employment agencies

Cooperation with educational and vocational training organisations plays an important role in the rehabilitation of offenders. Probation officers provide assistance in education, employment training or vocational programs. Working with employment services and local employers, probation officers help offenders to achieve stable jobs, which is a considerable factor in preventing re-offence by probationers.

Link between the court and the probationer

Being a middleman, positioned between the judicial and the criminal justice system, probation officers also have a specific role to work. The main function of a probation officer is to monitor an offender who is under probation, and help them to stay with their families while following the conditions imposed by the court. For example, Raman is under probation and stays with his family. As long as he follows the rules of probation, he can stay with his family otherwise he will be transferred to the prison.

When the accused is in the pre-sentencing stage, probation officers prepare reports which contain information of the accused. The probation officers supervise a probationer, when the probationer is placed on probation and is expected to follow the conditions imposed by the court. In other words, if a probationer violates the conditions established by the court, it is the probation officer that is supposed to report to the court. They can recommend other punishments, changes in the probation condition or even cancellation of probation and then imprisonment.

Pre-sentence report of the probation officer

The court often considers the pre-sentence report of the offender while granting probation. The report has a very important role in the sentencing process. In discharge of this duty, probation officers supply a lot of information about the person who has offended and assists the court in determining the right kind of conditions to be imposed in a certain circumstance. The pre sentence report is based on two important factors, i.e., impartiality and objectivity. Below mentioned are some conditions fulfilled by probation officers while preparing a pre sentence report:

• In the pre-sentencing phase, the primary duty of a probation officer is to investigate the history of offenders. This examination mainly includes criminal history, family condition, employment status, educational qualifications, mental health status and other relevant information.
• Under Section 14(a) of Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, a probation officer is under an obligation to provide relevant information and facts as requested by the court. For example, Vinayak has committed an offence and he wants to be on probation. Then, the court can ask the probation officer to give detailed information about Vinayak. If Vinayak is found guilty of such an offence in a report then the court will decide which punishment is to be imposed on Vinayak.
• When an offender is getting examined before punishment, then the probation officer is required to find all those factors which are responsible for a criminal behaviour.
• When a probation officer is doing an investigation, he prepares a report which is also known as the pre-sentencing report. This report contains all the information collected during the investigation. One day before judgement, the probation officer submits this report to the court. It is so because the report is ‘confidential’ and it has been given to the court on the specified date. For example, if judgement is to be given on 21st August, 2024, then the report should be given to the court on 20th August, 2024.

Documentation and record keeping

Another important duty of a probation officer includes document and record keeping of all offenders placed under supervision. Since the probation officers are responsible for supervising the offenders, to ensure they abide by the stated conditions and it is compulsory for the officers to keep record for offenders rehabilitation.The overwhelming majority of community supervision agencies said that offenders are prosecuted when there is a violation of probation or when the offender is engaged in criminal activities.                                                                                

Proper records provide a detailed account of an offender’s behaviours, progress, and adherence to various rules and constitutional provisions throughout the probationary period, both to the officer and the court.

Probation officers are expected to visit probationers at least once in a week to check if they have followed the conditions set by the court or not. For example, there can be such conditions that the patient must go for counselling, he should find a job and not drink alcohol. Such documentation of all these activities ensures the probation officer gets to monitor the progress, behaviours, or any other activity they may need to intercede with. 

Each interaction with the offender, whether it be a meeting, telephone conversation, home visit, or drug test must be documented well.

Decision making

The decisions of probation officers help offenders to live and adapt into society. The probation officer is to be informed with every decision related to the probationer which helps him to create a balance between public safety and probationer rehabilitation. Below mentioned are some conditions when probation officers have to make decisions:

• The most important decisions taken by probation officers is determining how to control the violation of probation conditions, such as absence in meetings, failure to take drug tests. In such conditions, probation officers are required to take appropriate actions against such violations. Officers are required to maintain balance between strictness of action and fairness of decision to ensure non violation of conditions.
• During probation, if probationers show improvement then the officer might reduce the supervision or he may allow flexibility in meeting. If probationers show no improvement then officers may recommend additional counselling and frequent meetings.

Probationer rehabilitation and after care

The probation is mainly focused to rehabilitate and reintegrate the offenders into society. The rehabilitation and aftercare duty of a probation officer has a crucial role in helping probationers to achieve this goal. Major aftercare duties mainly include:

• Aftercare of offenders reduces the risk of reoffending.
• Rehabilitation duty is concentrated mainly on the change of behaviour for the better, on the problems which led to the criminal activity.
• During the probation period, probation officers give attention to the involvement of probationers in programs like attending the counselling sessions and other education programs.
• Aftercare duty of probation officers provide support for smooth transition of offenders. It also helps in the process of moving from supervision to living a normal life.
• The progress report of the offender is to be given to the District Probation Officer or Chief Probation Superintendent.

Handling challenges and ethical consideration

In a criminal justice system, probation officers face new challenges on a daily basis. Moral issues are implicit in their employment which force them to maintain fairness, impartiality and privacy of offenders. Probation officers are under an obligation that they do not promote biasness, whether on the grounds of race, gender or socioeconomic backgrounds which affect their decisions as probation officers. A professional approach should be maintained while rendering the assistance in a way that there be no intimacy with the offenders as a result.

Offenders’ identifications and their circumstances should be safeguarded by the probation officers. They have to make sure that this information is passed only to the authorised person and is used legally and rehabilitative in nature.

Probation officers have to maintain balance between supporting the probationer and reporting the violation of probation conditions to the court. A probation officer is a person who is supposed to enforce law on a particular offender and at the same time offer and ensure that the suspect is given an opportunity to reform. The detailed discussion about the role of a probation officer is given below.

Role of probation officer

Probation officers provide a safer model of restorative justice because they are responsible for the enforcement of court’s order and help probationers in their reformation with the help of counselling and supervision.

• Mediation role: Probation officers are a bridge between courts, offenders and society. For example, Raman is under probation and the court said that he should not go outside his home after 7pm. This information is given to the probation officers, now he is responsible to communicate the order of the court to Raman.
• Rehabilitation support: Probation officers have to play an important role in the rehabilitation process and minimise the rate of re-offending. They have a great contribution in restorative justice. 
• Collaboration with other agencies: They work within a multidisciplinary framework, such as, collaboration with other agencies, performing social services, mental health agencies. They reduce burden from other correctional institutions by providing community supervision.
• Offender assessment: Probation officers are responsible to take care of the interests of the offenders. They allow offenders to understand the probable consequences of their actions in a society.
• Increasing accountability: Probation officers consider the general change and personality development of the offenders and accountability more important.
• Community safety: They act together with offenders to find solutions to these criminal behaviours which benefit the society and individuals both.
• Helping in providing employment: Probation officers provide support in providing and maintaining employment to the offenders. They monitor their participation in their employment and other educational programs. 

As we have a clear understanding of a Probation officer’s responsibilities and work in the criminal justice system, now it is important to have a brief glimpse of the skill possessed by a Probation Officer.

Skill of probation officers

Probation assists probationers to make an effective probation and reintegrate them into the society. The probation officers possess a diverse skill set which helps them to effectively manage the probationers. Following are those:

• Communication skills: When we look at the role and duties of a probation officer we understand that probation officers must have strong verbal and written communication skills. They often have conversations with offenders of different crimes, victims which require strong communication skills to deal with any challenging situations.
• Analytical skill: Analytical skills of probation officers help them to make decisions and handle difficult situations. Probation officers analyse behaviour, criminal history, family background and mental condition of the offender to make a plan which helps them in their reintegration into society. Probation officers analyse the probationer through regular supervision and prepare a timely progress report.
• Empathy and support: The blending of probation officers in probationer’s lives explains why probation officers exhibit an empathetic attitude towards probationers. The nature of the support from the probation officers may influence the offender to take responsibility for his/her action and transform the negative behavioural attitude.
• Knowledge of laws and regulations: Probation officers must have a clear understanding of probation law, criminal law and guidelines regarding the sentencing of offenders. As a probation officer facilitates the probationer in the judicial process, it is important for him to have a deep knowledge of legal procedure. It ensures public safety and is also helpful in protecting the interest of probationers.

Having considered all the factual aspects which elaborated all necessary points concerning the duties of the probation officer and his skills as well as his role, we will now discuss the penological views of recognizing jurists.

Penological view on probation

Over the time, various penologists have accepted the concept of punishment with the purpose of rehabilitation. Here is an overview of some of the penologists on probation:

• Cesare Beccaria: Beccaria is considered as one of the founding fathers of classical school of criminology. He argued that the punishment should always be proportionate to the offence, swift and certain. Beccaria’s idea supports the rehabilitation of offenders. He supports the idea of alternatives to harsh incarceration of offenders which reform offenders.
• Jeremy Bentham: Bentham was the propounder of utilitarian theory of crime. He argued that the goal of punishment should always be to reduce the harm to society and punishment should only be imposed where it benefits the society by preventing crime. The “Utilitarian Theory” of Bentham supports the idea of probation if it is seen as more effective than imprisonment of offenders in preventing further crime.
• Emile Durkheim: According to Durkheim, the purpose of punishment is to enact the rules of society because it reminds people what they should do and what they should not. Here Durkheim’s view is simple, he said that punishment does not promote revenge it encourages cooperation among the members of the society.  According to Durkheim theory probation plays a role of assisting offenders to reintegrate themselves into the society. 
• Michel Foucault: Foucault has made contemporary study of punishment and its history and transformation in his book ‘Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison’. He focused more on reformation of offenders through their constant supervision. He believed that the punishment should not be of corporeal nature rather it should be of disciplinary nature. Probation is an agency that makes sure that the offender does not repeat his actions and at the same time they can go around within society.

In order to know the significance of the concept of probation, it is important to understand the viewpoint of criminology regarding probation. Following is a detailed discussion regarding the same.

Criminological view on probation

Probation acts as a good alternative to imprisonment. Various criminologists have examined and accepted the effectiveness and implications of probation in criminal justice systems. The views of various criminological schools are:

• Positivist criminology: Cesare Lambroso is considered as the founding father of positivist criminology. He also feels that criminal activities are the result of precipitating factors, which the offenders cannot avoid. From a positivist perspective,  ‘probation’ acts as a best method to address those issues such as- social, psychological etc by providing regular supervision and various rehabilitative programs. These rehabilitative programs act as potential alternatives to address such criminal behaviour. To know more about the opinion of Cesare Lambroso on criminology and probation to be specific, you can visit here. 
• Sociological school of criminology: According to the ‘Differential Association Theory’ of Sutherland, people learn criminal behaviour from their environment. In this perspective, probation can act as a way to remove offenders from a negative environment and provide them a better environment through counselling, monitoring and social support from the community.
• Environmental criminology: Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson have propounded a ‘Routine Activity Theory’. According to this theory, there are three reasons behind any crime; mainly a motivated offender, suitable target and lack of capable guardianship.

Motivated offender- According to this theory, there is always an individual who is more inclined to commit crime. Such individuals are more willing and capable of committing crime.

Suitable target- A suitable target means any person, object or property which is more appealing to commit crime and accessible to offenders. Suitability is evaluated through visibility, accessibility and vulnerability.

Lack of capable guardianship- Guardian here is inferred as a person who is protecting any person, property or object from any threat or danger. Guardians may include parents, neighbours or any technologies like cameras and locks etc. 

The environmental criminologist favoured the probation by saying that probation provides a form of guardianship through regular monitoring and supervision and reduces the chances of reoffending.

People often use the words ‘probation’ and ‘parole’ interchangeably but both the words are distinctive from each other. Let us understand through this tabular representation regarding the same. 

Difference between probation and parole

We often get confused with the concept of probation and parole, so it is important to understand the basic difference between these two terms. Well, parole is basically an early release of a criminal after assessing his behaviour and the duties allotted to him in the prison. To read more about parole, click here. The difference is given below;

Basis of difference	Probation	Parole
Meaning	In probation, a person lives in a society and remains under the supervision of a probation officer. For example, Akash committed an assault and the court granted probation to him. Now, he can live with his family in a condition that he will live under the supervision of a probation officer.	In parole, a person is punished with imprisonment and after some time he is released from the prison. For example, Satya is imprisoned for 3 years, but due to his good behaviour in prison he is released after 2 years of his imprisonment. This release of Satya is called parole.
Timing	In probation, a person never goes to prison because probation is a kind of punishment, in which he is monitored by a probation officer.	Parole is given to a person when he spends some of his punishment in a prison.
Eligibility	It is granted to a person who has committed a less serious offence. For example, Aditya has committed an offence of  intoxication in public. The court may grant probation to him.	It is granted when a person shows good behaviour during the prison and has reduced risk of reoffending.
Conditions	It is granted on  conditions such as, regular check in, regular drug and alcohol test, attend counselling meeting and educational programs etc.	It may include conditions like, regular drug test, stay within a specific location or following curfew conditions etc.

For more detail, click here.

As we just had a good discussion on this topic, let’s conclude this interesting article on the duties of probation and various other aspects regarding the same.

Conclusion

In the Indian legal system, probation is so important because it gives public safety to and also ensures that the public gets justice. Probation officers closely look into the life of offenders and guide them so that they become part of society. They help and encourage the offenders with different counselling sessions and other educational activities. With the introduction of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, parliament provided an alternative to the imprisonment. Therefore, there is a huge contribution of the probation officer into cultivating a sense of responsibility in the minds of the criminals and bringing them back to society.

As discussed through the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 imprisonment is no more punishment, it may be treated as a measure to take care of the society indirectly and to protect the interest of individuals as a whole. This alternative measure can only be achieved with the cooperation of the judiciary and administration. 

Due to overcrowding of prisons and frequent abuse of human rights in prison, I feel probation has lightened up as one of the best solutions in recent years. In all cases, where the concept of restorative justice is enforced, it is important that all branches of the criminal justice system work together and make probation a more effective method of rehabilitation and help probationers to reintegrate into society as a responsible citizen.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the primary responsibilities of probation officers ?

The main responsibilities of probation officers are:

• Monitoring of offenders on daily basis;
• Make sure that offenders are complied with the prescribed conditions;.
• Providing regular reports to the court;.
• Helping offenders to get back into society; and
• Helping offenders when they cannot follow conditions.

What are the key elements to determine the risk level of an offender ?

When a court asks a probation officer to give information about an offender, probation officers look into the criminal history, mental health and support of offenders.

What happens if a probationer violates the conditions imposed by court?

If violation of the prescribed conditions is committed frequently, then, the court may extend the term of probation or rescind the probation and order imprisonment.

Why do we call the probation officers as a link between court and probationers ?

Probation officers provide the pre-sentencing report of the offender to the court. They also provide statements regarding the offender’s compliance, behaviour of probationer being in probation and circumstances causing the violation of conditions, to the court. This is why the probation officers are called as bridges between court and probationers.

References

• Book on Criminology and Penology by N.V. Paranjape
• Law on Probation by B.D. Khatri, Eastern law publication
• The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration- https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3780417/&ved=2ahUKEwju5q6DkZiJAxU8d2wGHainNrYQFnoECBsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw04D1MzKazZ7jOpyljNYjoi
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://legalvidhiya.com/a-critical-study-over-the-duties-and-roles-of-probation-officers-in-india/&ved=2ahUKEwikwZyDoLGJAxVgTGwGHX0GG4UQFnoECD4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw3cmZ-Ffp5vYzwJsZMp6lWc
• Cesare lambroso- https://www.scribd.com/document/350883003/Positivist-School 
• Differential Association Theory- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338626439_Theory_of_Differential_Association 
• Routine Activity Theory- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328839261_Routine_Activity_Theory 

SEO optimisation guidance (WARNING: NOT TO BE EDITED BY ANY FREELANCER IN ANY MANNER)

Clarity and Coherence

1. Clarity

   – Issue: The article contains numerous grammatical errors and awkward phrasings that hinder understanding throughout the article. For example:

     – “He act as an bridge between court and probationers.”

     – “Under Indian legal system, various duties has been imposed…”

   – Instruction: Carefully proofread the article to correct grammatical errors and improve sentence structure. Ensure subject-verb agreement and proper use of articles. The corrected sentences should read:

     – “They act as a bridge between the court and probationers.”

     – “Under the Indian legal system, various duties have been imposed…”

2. Coherence

   – Issue: The article lacks logical flow in several sections. Transitions between topics are abrupt, making it difficult for readers to follow the progression of ideas.

   – Instruction: Add transitional sentences throughout the article to connect ideas between paragraphs and sections in a better manner. For example, before introducing the historical development, you could write:

     – “To fully understand the duties of probation officers today, it’s important to look back at the historical development of probation.”

—

Grammar and Style

1. Grammar

   – Issue: There are frequent grammatical mistakes, including incorrect verb tenses, punctuation errors, and misspellings (e.g., “duties” instead of “duties”).

   – Instruction: Perform a thorough grammar check manually. Pay attention to:

     – Subject-verb agreement (e.g., “He acts” instead of “He act”).

     – Correct pluralization (e.g., “probation officers” instead of “probation officer”).

     – Proper punctuation and spelling throughout the article.

2. Style

   – Issue: The tone is overly formal and academic, which may not engage the target audience effectively.

   – Instruction: Adopt a more conversational and relatable tone. Use shorter sentences and vary paragraph lengths to enhance readability. For example:

     – Original: “Probation officers play a significant role in the criminal justice system.”

     – Revised: “Think of probation officers as the guiding hand in our criminal justice system—they’re essential!”

—

Structure and Organization

1. Structure

   – Issue: The article lacks a clear and compelling introduction and conclusion. Some sections are lengthy without subheadings, which can overwhelm readers.

   – Instruction: Rewrite the introduction to hook the reader by highlighting the importance of probation officers in society. Summarize what the article will cover. Revise the conclusion to succinctly summarize key points and reinforce the article’s main message.

2. Organization

   – Issue: Paragraphs often cover multiple ideas without clear topic sentences, making it hard to follow.

   – Instruction: Begin each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea. Ensure that each paragraph focuses on a single concept. Use subheadings to break down complex sections for the whole article.

—

Relevance and Audience Engagement

1. Relevance

   – Issue: The article doesn’t directly address how the content is beneficial for students seeking career advancement.

   – Instruction: Incorporate information on how understanding the role of probation officers can lead to career opportunities in criminal justice, social work, or law.

2. Engagement

   – Issue: The article is heavily informational with limited engaging elements.

   – Instruction: Include real-life examples, case studies, or anecdotes to illustrate points. Ask rhetorical questions to involve the reader. For instance:

     – “Ever wondered what happens when someone gets a second chance instead of jail time? That’s where probation officers come in.”

—

Tone and Voice

1. Tone

   – Issue: The tone remains consistently formal, which may not resonate with the intended audience.

   – Instruction: Shift to a more friendly and encouraging tone.

2. Voice

   – Issue: Inconsistent use of pronouns and perspectives (switching between “he,” “they,” “we”).

   – Instruction: Decide on a consistent narrative voice—preferably second person (“you”) to speak directly to the reader or third person for a more neutral tone. Apply this consistently throughout the article.

—

Content Completeness

1. Completeness

   – Issue: The article misses key subtopics that could enhance its value, such as the qualifications needed to become a probation officer and career prospects.

   – Instruction: Add sections covering:

     – How to Become a Probation Officer: Educational requirements, certifications, and necessary skills.

     – Career Opportunities: Potential career paths, advancement opportunities, and the job market outlook.

     – Challenges and Rewards: Discuss common challenges faced in the profession and the rewarding aspects of the job.

2. Support

   – Issue: Claims are made without supporting evidence or examples.

   – Instruction: Incorporate statistics, data, or expert opinions to back up statements. For example:

     – “According to the National Institute of Justice, probation programs have reduced recidivism rates by up to 15%.”

Additional Suggestions

– Introduction Enhancement

  – Issue: The introduction doesn’t grab the reader’s attention.

  – Instruction: Start with a compelling fact or a thought-provoking question to engage readers immediately.

– Conclusion Improvement

  – Issue: The conclusion doesn’t effectively summarize 

  – Instruction: Revise the conclusion to encapsulate the main points

Are primary/secondary keywords added to the title, meta description, and subheadings properly?

• Is the primary keyword used in the first 100 words of the article? 
• Are the secondary keywords used at least once in the article? (if they are provided)
• Is the title clear, benefits-oriented, and “scroll-stopping”?
• At least five internal outlinks added? 
• At least two external outlinks added? 
• Title/meta description within the character and pixel limits?
• Is the structure exhaustive?
• Is the topic covered in depth? Are all possible subtopics covered?
• Does the article provide additional value than that in the existing RANKING articles on Google?
• Is the article free of grammatical/spelling mistakes?
• Is the article free of plagiarism? 
• Does the article seem to be human-written and free of AI? 
• Is the readability high? (Short paragraphs, short sentences, simple language, and structuring)