This article is written by Shweta Sharma, a 3rd year student pursuing B.A.LLB for Law College, Dehradun and Anshuman Makkar, a 5th year student pursuing B.A.LLB (Hons) from NLU Patiala. 

Introduction

The recommendation of a Green Channel, similar to those in international locations like Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia was given effect in India by way of ramification of a new Regulation 5A to the CCI (Procedure in regard to the transaction of business relating to combinations) Regulations, 2011 vide an amendment dated August 13, 2019. Drawing inspiration from the custom department, the Competition Law Review Committee, which was set up in the year 2018 to review the competition law framework in India, advocated the advent of a Green Channel mechanism to deal with the combinations which are not likely to result in any appreciable adverse effect on competition. Ergo, India’s anti-trust watchdog announced Green channel route which essentially is a gadget providing for speedier automatic approval for combinations.

The Green Channel concept

Administration of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) to make sure that there is no adverse impact on competition is a key regulatory function of CCI. In order to streamline this procedure and to make M&A filings approval faster, the CCI as a part of its ongoing and regular efforts has delivered an automatic system of approval for combinations under the name of Green Channel. Under this process the parties to Combination can receive an on-spot approval from the CCI, instead of waiting for the 30-working day period. The combination is, deemed to have been approved upon filing the notice in the prescribed format, i.e. FORM 1, along with the declaration specified in Schedule IV. Upon submission of a notice and acknowledgement thereof, the proposed combination shall be deemed to have been approved by the Commission under Section 31(1) of the Competition Act. Accordingly, this process appreciably reduces time and cost of transactions and contributes towards the vision of ease of doing business in India.

Prior to the Amendment

Under the Act, a combination is described as the acquisition of one or more enterprises by one or more persons or mergers or amalgamation of enterprises. Underneath the afore functioning procedure of Indian Competition law, where a combination transaction betwixt parties breached the threshold limit of combined assets/turnover, they were subsequently obligated to notify CCI these transactions. All notifiable transactions were notified to the Commission in either Form I or Form II for seeking assent. This led to a strapping delay in the consummation of the transaction. Now, after the notification of 13th August 2019, the parties (who fulfils and meet the criteria described below) are not required to wait for the approval of the Commission to consummate a notifiable transaction.

In addition to that, hitherto, a notification form to the CCI was needed to be tagged along with a long summary and a short summary (short rundown was published on the CCI website). However, the CCI has currently done away with the requirement of 2 summaries and currently needs the parties to submit only 1 outline that would be published on the CCI web site.

Criteria for green channel mechanism 

The Green channel mechanism incorporated by the Competition Commission of India provides for a speedy and transparent review of combination cases, however it does strike a balance between facilitating and enforcement function of the CCI by prescribing a strict test for what kinds of transactions qualify for the Green Channel regime. Qualification Required for Green Channel:

Notifying Green Channel Route to CCI 

As per Regulation 5A, the parties to the categories of combination ought to furnish notice as per the revised FORM 1 along with a declaration as per Schedule IV. In order to have a comprehensive picture of the combination, the Amendment Regulations 2019 amplified the scope of Form I and restructured it to introduce certain additional items. 

Additional details that are required at present, pertain to the details of:

• Inter-connected transactions, 
• Market-facing data for the last 3 years as against the current practice of the last 1 year, 
• All plausible alternative relevant markets, 
• And any proceedings before the CCI or other competition authority in the last 5 years. 

No risk of any adverse effect on competition

The Regulation insinuates that the Proposed Combination should raise no risk of any adverse effect on competition according to Section 6(1) of the Competition Act, and in addition to that it is also to be submitted under the green channel route that the Parties do not have any: 

• Horizontal overlaps, meaning that the parties should not produce/provide similar or identical or substitutable products or services;
• Vertical overlaps, meaning that they should not engage in any activity relating to production, supply, distribution, storage, sale and service or trade in product or service which are at different stage or level of production chain; or 
• Have a complementary business to each other.

These overlaps are commonly inspected in the context of a ‘relevant market’. A transaction qualifies for the Green Channel regime handiest where parties don’t overlap in any plausible relevant market. Additionally, at the same time as figuring out overlaps, the absence of overlaps must be confirmed, not only amongst transacting parties, but also their respective organizations and the entity in which parties, directly or indirectly, hold shares and/or exercise control.

Once these criteria are met and the notice for the same has been filed to CCI via Form I, then, after receiving the acknowledgement from the CCI, the transaction will be deemed to be approved and parties will be able to consummate the transaction immediately.

Procedural aspect under Green channel mechanism

In order to avail the benefit of the Green Channel route, the parties are required to present the notice in Form I (typically referred to as Short Form notification), along with the declaration specified in Schedule IV. In obedience to Regulation 9(1) of the Combination Regulations, in case of an acquisition or acquiring of control of the enterprise, it is the acquirer who ought to do the needful documentation and file the notice. Whereas in accordance of Regulation 9(3) of the Combination Regulations, in case of a merger or amalgamation, it is the parties to the combination who shall jointly file the notice.

Structure of Form 1

Regulation 5(2) of the Competition Commission of India (Procedure in regard to the transaction of business relating to combinations) Regulations, 2011 provides for filing of Form 1 along with the evidence of payment of requisite fee by the parties. The Form is categorically Divided into 8 parts: 

PARTS	PARTICULARS
Part I: Basic information	Information about each of the party to the combination.
Part II: Payment of fee	The filing fee for notice filed in Form I is Rs 15,00,000 [Clause (a) of Regulation 11].
Part III: Authorization regarding communication	Name, address and contact information of Individual(s) in India who is authorized to receive communication(s) on behalf of the notifying parties.
Part IV: Meeting the thresholds	Details of assets/turnover of the parties to the combination and their combined value of assets/turnover [Section 5, Competition Act].
Part V: Description of the combination	Description Relating to: Scope of the combination notified. Timelines for each step of the combination. Economic and strategic purpose of the combination. Value of the proposed combination. Any Foreign investment as a result of the combination.  Any other relevant information.
Part VI: Activities of parties to the combination and sector overview	Details about each of the parties to the combination: Overview of the sector(s) in which the parties to the combination operate. If any of the parties to the combination or any of their group entities has direct or indirect shareholding or control over another enterprise engaged in combination. If there is any Horizontal Overlaps or Vertical and Complementary Activities.
Part VII: Green Channel	Whether or not the notice for the proposed combination is under Green Channel or not. [Regulation 5A]
Part VIII: Attachments	Attachments required: Annual Report Authorization Letter Summary of Combination Other Relevant Documents

Declaration

Furthermore, the notifying party needs to confirm and declare that: 

• It has furnished all the information and documents as necessitated in Form I, as specified in Schedule II. 
• The notifying party also needs to affirm that the proposed combination falls under Schedule III and is not likely to cause adverse effect on competition. 
• The notifying party confirms that it has not made any statement which is false in any material particular or knowing it to be false; or omitted to state any material information. 

Combinations approved under green channel route

A combination filed under the Green Channel route is deemed to be approved on the date of acknowledgement of filing from the CCI. Some of the combinations approved under the Green Channel mechanism are:

• The Competition Commission of India (CCI) received the first green channel combination filed under Section 6(2) of the Competition Act, 2002 read with Regulations 5 and 5A of the Competition Commission of India (Procedure in regard to the transactions of business relating to combinations) Regulations, 2011 on 03-10-2019. The combination involved the acquisition of the Essel Mutual Fund by an entity forming a part of the Sachin Bansal Group.
• Acquisition of IDBI Asset Management Ltd. and IDBI MF Trustee Company Ltd. by Muthoot Finance Limited, filed on 16th December 2019.
• Acquisition of Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited and Adani Electricity Mumbai Services Limited by Qatar Holding LLC filed on 19th December 2019.
• Acquisition of GVK Airport Holdings Limited by Green Rock B 2014 Limited, National Investment and Infrastructure Fund and Indo-Infra Inc., filed on 19th December 2019. 
• Acquisition by ROC Star Investment Trust of the equity share capital of Star Health and Allied Insurance Company Limit from Snowdrop Capital PTE Limited, notified on 10th January 2020.

Penalty

To restrict misadventures, the alterations to the Combination Regulations in addition offer that if the CCI, in the wake of acknowledging the notice, finds that the events do not fit the criteria for the Green channel route, then, at that point, the transaction would be considered void ab initio. It implies that the parties will be required to document a new notification to show the eligibility under the green channel route. 

In the event, the parties are found to have consummated the transaction, then such parties will be alleged guilty and mindful of gun-jumping. This will eventually pull in the penalty under Section 44 of the Competition Act, 2002 which makes a person liable to penalty which shall not be less than 5 million rupees, but which may extend to 10 million rupees.

Drawbacks

There are primarily two challenges which are faced while opting for the green channel route, firstly being the difficulty in meeting the qualifying criteria and secondly being the absence of clear structure. 

Difficulty in meeting the qualifying criteria

The Green Channel route proffers a Fastrack approval of combination, albeit the situations to be fulfilled are too restrictive. Schedule III calls for parties to make certain that there are not any horizontal, vertical or complementary overlaps in all doable alternative markets. The incorporation of this expression has sweeping implications and makes an overlapping analysis quite arduous in application. The analysis will now need to run for all possible alternative market definitions which make the whole exercise exceptionally difficult and may limit the exercise of this option. It is pertinent to mention that the aforementioned criteria is categorically more burdensome for the pooled investment and big conglomerates which have an extensively varied portfolio.

Absence of clear structure

Further there are vulnerabilities which circles around its structure. For instance, Complementary business is a newly introduced expression and there is no steerage at the interpretation of complementary activities.

Conclusion

Prior to the green channel route, under Competition Commission of India, any sanction under the act had to seek permission from CCI stating that the proposal does not cause an adverse impact on competition and post which the parties may execute the proposal. Predominantly the Green Channel Route aimed to sustain and promote a speedy, transparent and accountable review of combination cases, strike a balance between facilitation and enforcement functions, create a culture of compliance and bolster economic growth. Withal, the amended regulation provides for a basic, single rundown of the proposed combination making it easier and precise, unlike the previous times, where, a short and a long summary, both were to be provided significantly reducing time and cost of transactions. However, it suffers from various shortcomings and there is always a possibility of grey areas amounting to be the absence of the definition or explanation for the term complementary overlap, which can make the term vague. In like manner, the amendment regulations are silent on which parties are to be assessed while seeking the Green Channel Route. Moreover, no threshold of holding or curbing of parties or their respective group entities for disqualification of combinations to be taken under the Green Channel Route is provided either. It is, for the matter of the reality, true that the amendment regulations have been beneficiary in less wastage of time and money but it has certainly raised some practical challenges and red flags which cannot be avoided. 

References

• A look at the CCI ‘Green Channel’route, Obhan & Associates, available at: https://www.obhanandassociates.com/blog/a-look-at-the-cci-green-channelroute/?utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_campaign=View-Original%27
• CCI Introduces ‘Green Channel’ Notification & Modifies The Short Notification Form, AZB & Partners, dated August 15, 2019, available at: https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/cci-introduces-green-channel-notifications-modifies-the-short-notification-form/
• CCI Notifies 7th Set Of Amendments To Merger Regulations: Green Channel Now A Reality!, dated 19th August 2019, available at: http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/837508/Antitrust+Competition/Cci+Notifies+7th+Set+  Of+Amendments+To+Merger+Regulations+Green+Channel+Now+A+Reality
• CCI receives first green channel combination, SCC Online, dated October 9, 2019, available at: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/green-channel-combination/
• CCI’s Green Channel Amendments- One step forward and two steps back, Dated September 10 2019, available at: http://www.nishithdesai.com/information/news-storage/news-details/article/ccis-green-channel-amendments-one-step-forward-and-two-steps-back.html
• CCI’S GREEN CHANNEL APPROVAL – MORE GREY THAN GREEN, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, dated August 14, 2019, available at: http://www.cyrilshroff.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Client-Alert-CCI-Green-Channel.pdf
• Competition Commission of India (Procedure in regard to the transaction of business relating to combinations) Amendment Regulations, 2019, available at: https://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/notification/210553.pdf
• Roadblocks to CCI’s Green Channel, Indiacorplaw, dated October 29, 2019, available at: https://indiacorplaw.in/2019/10/roadblocks-ccis-green-channel.html

Students of Lawsikho courses regularly produce writing assignments and work on practical exercises as a part of their coursework and develop themselves in real-life practical skill.